Scientific Credence
Dentistry, and its various specialities are undergoing rapid revolution & evolution. The last few decades have witnessed numerous paradigm shifts, old antiquated techniques being abandoned for newer sophisticated methods based on research and scientific credence. New techniques and materials such as dental implants, CAD/CAM fabrication of artificial crowns/restorations, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, 3-D printing, etc. are paving the way for innovative therapies that are minimally invasive, and unheard of even a few years ago.
These recent developments have resulted in treatments that are cutting-edge with long-term predictability. Irfan is a prolific writer, his publications number nearly 200 to date (Google Scholar/ReseachGate), on various dental disciplines, and his articles have been published in prestigious, peer-reviewed international dental journals. In addition, he has written 7 dental textbooks, and contributed to several others by eminent clinicians.
Books
Publications
Some noteworthy publications:
- Ahmad I. Technique for Realistic Anterior Crowns Using the IPS Empress® Porcelain System. Ivoclar Signature, Vol. 4, No. 3, Fall, 1997
- Ahmad I. Optical Properties of the IPS Empress® System. Quintessence Dental Technology, QDT 1998;21:133-147
- Ahmad I. Yttrium-partially-stabilised zirconium dioxide (YPSZ): An approach to restoring coronally compromised non-vital teeth. The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry, 1998;18(5):455-465 (English, German, Italian, and French translations)
- Ahmad I. Bioaesthetic ceromer restorations for the replacement of existing posterior amalgam restorations. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, May, 1998; vol. 10, no.4: 416-420
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, May, 1998; vol. 10, no.4
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, September, 1998; vol. 10, no.7
- Ahmad I. Geometric Considerations in Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Restorative Principles. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, 1998;10(7):813-822
- Ahmad I, Hubbard J. Pseudo realignment of maxillary anterior teeth utilising all ceramic components. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, 1998;10(7):851-855
- Ahmad I. Chromatic mapping utilising a universal shade guide system: Chromascop. Signature, Summer, 1998;5(2):12-17
- Ahmad I. Chromatic mapping utilising a universal shade guide system: Chromascop. Signature International, 1998;3(3):12-17 (translated into Italian, French, German and Spanish)
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 1, January 9 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 2, January 23 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 3, February 13 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 4, February 27 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 5, March 13 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 6, March 27 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 7, April 10 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 8, April 24 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 9, May 8 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 10, May 22 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 11, June 5 1999
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 186 no. 12, June 26 1999
- Ahmad I, Sturridge P. Preparation and fabrication of ceramic veneerlay restorations. QDT 1999;22:169-177
- Ahmad I. The importance of biological impression making for restorative modalities. Verbatim: The New Word in Dentistry, Winter 1999;vol 1(1):10-12
- Ahmad I. Three-Dimensional Dental Shade Analysis: Perspectives of Color. Part I. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 1999;11(7):789-796
- Ahmad I. Three-Dimensional Dental Shade Analysis: Perspectives of Color. Part II. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 2000;12(6):557-564
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, January/February, 1999 issue, vol. 11(1).
- Ahmad I. IPS Empress System. Original Article in QDT (Japan) translated into Japanese, January, 1999, Vol. 24, No.1
- Ahmad I. Zirconium oxide post and core system for the restoration of an endodontically treated incisor. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, March, 1999; vol. 11(2):197-204
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, April, 1999 issue vol. 11(3).
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, June/July, 1999 issue vol. 11(5).
- Front cover photograph for Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, August, 1999 issue vol. 11(6).
- Ahmad I. Versatility and enhanced aesthetics of laboratory fabricated composite restorations. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry, 2000;12(3):285-292
- Pre- and postoperative clinical photographs of direct composite fillings using Solitaire 2 (Advert for Heraeus Kulzer), January 2000.
- Ahmad I. Viable Posterior All-Ceramic Crowns. Electronic J Dent 2000: Ref EJ10208
- Ahmad I. Predetermining factors governing calculated tooth preparation for anterior crowns, QDT 2001;24:57-67
- Ahmad I. Predetermining factors governing calculated tooth preparation for anterior crowns, QDT 2001 (Japanese translation)
- Ahmad I, Touati B. Pre-publicity for CIDE 2001 –case study using Procera crowns and veneers in French journal, written by Bernard Touati
- Front cover photo for Heraeus-Kulzer, UK product (diamond burs) publicity brochure, 2001
- Front cover 3M, USA resin composite publicity brochure, 1999
- Front cover photograph for Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry, May, 2001 issue vol. 13(4).
- Participation with Terry D. Stone models without faces – Part II: An international interview. Clinical perspectives. Editorial Commentary. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2001;13(5):391-394
- Ahmad I, Chu S. Shade Selection and Analysis: Use of digital technology versus conventional methods. Collaborative Technique, Summer 2001;1(1): 44-46
- Clinical photographs for Aesthetic Soft tissue management: Predictable care using contemporary techniques and applications. Collaborative Technique, Summer 2001;1(2): 13-15
- Ahmad I, Chu S, Culp L, MaLaren E A. Contemporary shade selection and communication: A roundtable discussion. The importance of accurate shade determination for restorative success. Collaborative Technique, Winter 2001;1(2): 21-45
- Ahmad I, Culp L, McLaren E A, Ritter R G, Sesemann. Contemporary porcelain systems: Aesthetic metal-ceramic and all-ceramic treatment options Collaborative Technique, Winter 2001;1(2): 26-31
- Ahmad I. Replacing defective porcelain fused to metal crowns with galvano-ceramic restorations as an alternative to all-ceramic crowns: A clinical case study. Submitted to ‘Restorative Dentistry’, June 2001
- Front cover photograph for Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry, April, 2002 issue vol. 14(3).
- Ahmad I. Salvaging fractured porcelain crowns with a direct composite repair technique. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2002;14(3):233-238
- Gluskin A, Ahmad I, Herrero D B. The Aesthetic Post and Core: Unifying radicular form and structure, Pract Proced Aesthet Dent, 2002;14(4):313-321
- Ahmad I. Synaesthetic restorations: A psychological perspective for surpassing aesthetic dentistry. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2002;14(8)
- Ahmad I. Restitution of maxillary anterior aesthetics with all-ceramic components. Int Dent J. 2002 Feb;52(1):47-56.
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 1, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 2, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 3, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 4, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 5, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 6, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 7, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 8, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 9, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 10, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 11, 2002
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 192 no. 12, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Feb, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Apr, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Jun, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Aug, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Oct, 2002
- Front cover photograph for International Dental Journal, Dec, 2002
- Front cover photo for Heraeus–Kulzer, Spain product (HeraCeram crystal photo) publicity brochure, 2002
- Clinical case studies and conceptual images for international marketing brochures for Heraeus-Kulzer, (CompoConnect and Presiano crown system), 2001
- Clinical case studies for international marketing brochures for Heraeus-Kulzer, (Venus composite and iBond), 2002
- Ahmad I. Venus composite article for Heraeus-Kulzer, October, 2002
- Ahmad I. In vitro sequalae of Venus composite restorations for Heraeus-Kulzer, October, 2002
- Clinical case studies for international marketing brochures for Nobel Biocare, (Procera crown and bridge), 2002
- Conceptual photos (natural tooth, PFM and all-ceramic crown light interactions) for international marketing brochures for Nobel Biocare, 2002
- Clinical case studies depicting direct composite restorations with Venus and iBond – for Heraeus Kulzer website, December, 2002.
- Images for ‘The Art of BDJ’ – 2003 Calendar, December, 2002
- Clinical case study of Procera crowns for Nobel Biocare for advertorial in Dentistry, March, 2003
- Ahmad I. Venus composite article for Heraeus-Kulzer, February, 2003 (Translated into German) for …. Publication.
- Ahmad I, Chu S. Light dynamic properties of a synthetic low-fusing quartz glass-ceramic material. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2003;15(1):49-56
- Front cover photograph for Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry, Jan/Feb, 2003 issue vol. 15(1)
- Ahmad I. Aesthetic dentistry: A continuing revolution. BDHF Yearbook 2003-2004. September, 2003
- Clinical case study for Nobel Biocare, 2003 international marketing brochure (Procera bridge)
- Ahmad I. Evaluating dentine bonding agents: An Update. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2003;15(7):531-538
- Front cover image for ‘Collaborative Technique’ Spring, 2004 issue.
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.1, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.2, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.3, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.4, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.5, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.6, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.7, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.8, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.9, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.10, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.11, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 196, No.12, 2004
- Ahmad I. Masking Tooth discolouration with all-ceramic restorations. QDT 2004;27:9-18
- Venus composite article for Heraeus Kulzer, Austria. September, 2003
- Clinical case study using Venus composite. The Dentist, September,2003;19(8):64-66
- Front cover image for Jason Kim, New York, NYC laboratory brochure, May, 2004
- Front cover image for promotional brochure for the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD), October, November, 2003 (unauthorised use by Montage Media Corporation, New Jersey, USA)
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Historical perspective. Br Dent J. 2005 Jun 25;198(12):737-42
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Facial perspective. Br Dent J. 2005 Jul 9;199(1):15-21.
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Dento-facial perspective. Br Dent J. 2005 Jul 23;199(2):81-8
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Dental perspective. Br Dent J. 2005 Aug 13;199(3):135-41
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Gingival perspective. Br Dent J. 2005 Aug 27;199(4):195-202.
- Ahmad I. Dentine Bonding Agents and iBond article: German translation in Journal Ästhetische Zahnmedizin, (Prof. Kunzelmann, University of Munich), 1/2004
- Ahmad I. The Ubiquitous Use of Dentine Bonding Agents (DBAs) for Numerous Clinical Scenarios, submitted to Restorative and Aesthetic Practice (RAP) on 7 February, 2004
- Front cover clinical image, BDA educational brochure, March, 2004
- Ahmad I. Properties, Expediency and Convenience of Flowable Composites. Submitted to Heraeus Kulzer for German translation for Journal Ästhetische Zahnmedizin, July, 2004
- Repairing fractures porcelain on PFM crowns, The Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, December, 2004
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 1, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 2, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 3, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 4, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 5, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 6, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 7, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 8, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 9, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 10, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 11, 2005
- Front cover photograph for British Dental Journal, volume 199, Issue 12, 2005
- Images for marketing of the British Dental Journal, 2005
- CIDE 2005, Paris, images for promoting meeting, Jan, 2005
- Clinical case study for article. Rutten P, Rutten L. A date with VITAVM. Dental Dialogue 2004;4(6):8-33
- Clinical image advertising QDT 2005, Quintessence Publishing Co., Chicago, February, 2005
- Ahmad I. Masking Tooth discolouration with all-ceramic restorations. QDT Japanese edition, 2005 (Japanese translation of original article in QDT, 2004)
- Ahmad I. The importance of biological impression making for restorative modalities. French translation for Heraeus Kulzer promotion, September, 2005
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Historical perspective. Reprinted from British Dental Journal (BDJ) for Dental Art (translated into Russian, Feb, 2006)
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Facial perspective. Reprinted from British Dental Journal (BDJ) for Dental Art (translated into Russian, Feb, 2006)
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Dento-facial perspective. Reprinted from British Dental Journal (BDJ) for Dental Art (translated into Russian, Feb, 2006)
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Dental perspective. Reprinted from British Dental Journal (BDJ) for Dental Art (translated into Russian, Feb, 2006)
- Ahmad I. Anterior Dental Aesthetics: Gingival perspective. Reprinted from British Dental Journal (BDJ) for Dental Art (translated into Russian, Feb, 2006)
- Ahmad I. Anterior dental aesthetics: The seven deadly sins of anterior dental aesthetics. Vital June, 2006
- Front cover of GC America brochure (Aquatic: Composition in Green & White), December, 2006
- Ahmad I. Esthetics compromised by tooth wear: etiology, diagnosis, management, and restoration. QDT 2007 (30th Anniversary Issue)
- Ahmad I. The freedom to see. Dentistry, February, 2007
- Ahmad I. Camera settings: Getting it right first time. Dentistry, March, 2007
- Clinical Guidelines for Anterior & Posterior Direct Composite Resin Restorations – Part 1, translated into Chinese, 2009
- Clinical Guidelines for Anterior & Posterior Direct Composite Resin Restorations – Part 2, translated into Chinese, 2009
- Clinical Guidelines for Anterior & Posterior Direct Composite Resin Restorations – Part 3, translated into Chinese, 2009
- Clinical Guidelines for Anterior & Posterior Direct Composite Resin Restorations – Part 4, translated into Chinese, 2009
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 1: an overview. BDJ 2009;206:403-407
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 2: purposes & uses. BDJ 2009;206:459-464
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 3: principles of digital photography. British Dental Journal 2009;206:517-523
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 4: choosing a camera & accessories. British Dental Journal 2009;206:575-581
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 5: lighting. British Dental Journal 2009;207:13-18
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 6: camera settings. British Dental Journal 2009;207:63-69
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 7: extra-oral set-ups. British Dental Journal 2009;207:103-110
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 8: intra-oral set-ups. British Dental Journal 2009;207:151-157
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 9: post-image capture processing. British Dental Journal 2009;207:203-209
- Ahmad I. Digital dental photography. Part 10: printing, publishing & presentations. British Dental Journal 2009;207:261-265
- Ahmad I. Gains & pains of cosmetic dentistry: Ethical considerations for dental enhancement procedures. BDJ, 2010
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Quintessence International Lietuva 2009;1(1):16-26 – translated into Lithuanian
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Dentoscope 2010;65:8-18 – translated into French
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Cosmetic Dentistry, 2010
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Quintessence International Lietuva 2009;1(1):16-26 – translated into Lithuanian
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Dentoscope 2010;65:8-18 – translated into French
- Ahmad I. Reattachment & build-up of fractured maxillary central incisors. Cosmetic Dentistry 2010– translated into Italian
- Ahmad I. Compobond: Evolution of a new restorative material. Dentoscope 2010 – translated into French
- Ahmad I. Compobond: Evolution of a new restorative material. Cosmetic Dentistry, May, 2011
- Ahmad I. Compobond: Evolution of a new restorative material. Dental Tribune, Netherlands Edition – translated into Dutch, August, 2011
- Ahmad I. RED Bonding: Predictable cementation of indirect esthetic restorations, Dentoscope 2011 – translated into French
- Ahmad I. RED Bonding: Predictable cementation of indirect esthetic restorations, Cosmetic Dentistry 2011
- Ahmad I. RED Bonding: Predictable cementation of indirect esthetic restorations, Kerr e-news, October, 2011 – translated into Spanish
- Ahmad I. Front cover, Subjective Art & Objective Science, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, vol. 28, issue 1, Spring, 2012
- Ahmad I. Behind the Cover: The Many Dimensions of Color, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, vol. 28, issue 1, Spring, 2012
- Ahmad I. Behind the Cover: Page 6 image, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, vol. 28, issue 1, Spring, 2012
- Ahmad I. Minimum Intervention, Maximum Satisfaction: Reconstruction Guided by a Fragment, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, vol. 28, issue 1, Spring, 2012
- Ahmad I. Keeping it Rea! Mystifying Beauty, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, vol. 28, issue 1, Spring, 2012
- Ahmad I. RED Bonding: Predictable cementation of indirect esthetic restorations, Cosmetic Dentistry (French translation), vol. 2, no. 2, 2012
- Ahmad I. RED Bonding: Predictable cementation of indirect esthetic restorations, Cosmetic Dentistry (American version) 2012
- Ahmad I. Deep Resins, White Fillings: A New Technique for Composite Restorations, April, 2012
- Ahmad I. Chromatically Crafted Restorations: Shade Matching with Resin Based Composites (truncated version), Dentista Moderno, September, 2012
- Ahmad I. Chromatically Crafted Restorations: Shade Matching with Resin Based Composites (Full version) – in preparation
- Ahmad I. MetaFix, Kerr testimonial – September, 2012
- Ahmad I. British Dental Journal (BDJ) commentary on aesthetic article titled ‘The psychosocial impacts of dental aesthetics of implantation on missing anterior teeth patients’, Shu-Juan Yu, Peng Chen, and Guo-Xiong Zhu. October, 2012
- Ahmad I. Front cover for Kerr News, January, 2013-01-09
- Ahmad I. Image for 10th Makkah International Dental Conference, January, 2013
- Ahmad I. Deep Resins: White Fillings – A new technique for composite restorations, Cosmetic Dentistry, 1/13
- Ahmad I. Front cover image: Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, Vol 29, issue 1, Spring, 2013
- Ahmad I. Chromatically Crafted Restorations: Shade matching with resin based composites, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, Vol 29, issue 1, Spring, 2013
- Ahmad I. The Sight of Music, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, Vol 29, issue 1, Spring, 2013
- Ahmad I. Article for promoting Clinical Innovations Conference, 2013, Dental Tribune, London, March, 2013
- Ahmad I. Dentistry & Art: Delusions & Misconceptions, Israel Society of Prosthodontics, Spring, 2014
- Ahmad I. Synthetic Aesthetics; Games & Frames. Israel Society of Prosthodontics, Spring, 2015
- Image for flyer of IAAD 2017 bi-biennial meeting, March, 2016
- APE & ASE (Altered Passive Eruption & Active Secondary Eruption): Differentialdiagnosis and management.Int J Esthet Dent. 2017;12(3):352-376. PMID: 28717793.Quintessence Publishin
- QDRP Cover Image One, Quintessence Publishing, France, April, 2017
- QDRP Cover Image Two, Quintessence Publishing, France, May, 2017
- QDRP Cover Image Three, Quintessence Publishing, France, June, 2017
- QDRP Cover Image Four, Quintessence Publishing, France, July, 2017
- QDRP Cover Image Five, Quintessence Publishing, France, August, 2017
- Comment for BDJ Research Insights for: ‘An evaluation of the influence of teeth and the labial soft tissues on the perceived aesthetics outcome of a smile. British Dental Journal: Research Insight, 2017, vol. 223 issue 5
- A Guide to Minimally Invasive Crown Lengthening & Tooth Preparation for Rehabilitating Pink & White Aesthetics (co-author Fahad Al-Harbi). Br Dent J 2018; DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.12
- 3-D-Drucker und Materialien (co-author Fahad Al-Harbi). QUINTESSENZ ZAHNTECHNIK | Jahrgang 45 • Ausgabe 9 • September 2019:1122-1137
- Ahmad I. Standardisation for Dental Photography: Part 1, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, In press, 2020
- Ahmad I. Standardisation for Dental Photography: Part 2, Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry, In press, 2020
- Ahmad I. Al-Harbi F. Printers and materials. Journal of Aligner Orthodontics 2020;4(2):1–15
- Ahmad I. (2020) Shade Evaluation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers (PLV). In: Trushkowsky R. (eds) Esthetic Oral Rehabilitation with Veneers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41091-9_5. Print ISBN 978-3-030-41090-2, Online ISBN 978-3-030-41091-9, First Online 17 April 2020
- 3D打印机及打印材料(I), 2020 年 4 月 / CAD/CAM 专刊 , “International Dental Products for China”, May, 2020